![]() Topics 5.10 and 5.11 – see note above and spend minimum time here. Topics 5.2 – 5.9 flow together and for graphing they are used together after presenting topics 5.2 – 5.7 spend the time in topics 5.8 and 5.9 spiraling and connecting the previous topics. Topic 5.1 is important and may take more than one day. ![]() For BC students the techniques are applied later to parametric and vector functions. Topic 5.12 Exploring Behaviors of Implicit Relations Critical points of implicitly defined relations can be found using the technique of implicit differentiation. Topic 5.11 Solving Optimization Problems Topics 5.12 Topic 5.10 Introduction to Optimization Problems To save time, my suggestion is to not spend too much time writing the equations rather concentrate on finding the extreme values. Questions give the expression to be optimized and students do the “calculus” to find the maximum or minimum values. Therefore, writing the equation has not be asked on AP exams in recent years (since 1983). This proves difficult for students, and is not “calculus” per se. Optimization problems as presented in most text books, begin with writing the model or equation that describes the situation to be optimized. Optimization is important application of derivatives. First and second derivatives give graphical and numerical information about a function and can be used to locate important points on the graph of the function. ![]() Topic 5.9 Connecting a Function, Its First Derivative, and Its Second Derivative. Topic 5.8 Sketching Graphs of Functions and Their Derivatives. If a continuous function has only one critical point on an interval, then it is the absolute (global) maximum or minimum for the function on that interval. Topic 5.7 Using the Second Derivative Test to Determine Extrema Using the Second Derivative Test to determine if a critical point is a maximum or minimum point. (Some textbooks may use different equivalent definitions.) Points of inflection are also included under this topic. Topic 5.6 Determining Concavity of Functions on Their Domains FUN-4.A.4 defines (at least for AP Calculus) When a function is concave up and down based on the behavior of the first derivative. Topic 5.5 Using the Candidates’ Test to Determine Absolute (Global) Extrema The Candidates’ test can be used to find all extreme values of a function on a closed interval Topic 5.4 Using the First Derivative Test to Determine Relative (Local) Extrema Using the first derivative to determine local extreme values of a function Topic 5.3 Determining Intervals on Which a Function is Increasing or Decreasing Using the first derivative to determine where a function is increasing and decreasing. Topic 5.2 Extreme Value Theorem, Global Verses Local Extrema, and Critical Points An existence theorem for continuous functions on closed intervals ![]() Students often confuse the average rate of change, the mean value, and the average value of a function – See What’s a Mean Old Average Anyway? Topics 5.2 – 5.9 This is a very important existence theorem that is used to prove other important ideas in calculus. The MVT states that for a function that is continuous on the closed interval and differentiable over the corresponding open interval, there is at least one place in the open interval where the average rate of change equals the instantaneous rate of change (derivative). Topic 5.1 Using the Mean Value Theorem While not specifically named in the CED, Rolle’s Theorem is a lemma for the Mean Value Theorem (MVT). See the presentation Writing on the AP Calculus Exams and its handout Topics 5.1 Links in the margins of the CED are also helpful and give hints on writing justifications and what is required to earn credit. Use past free-response questions as exercises and also as guide as to what constitutes a good justification. Be sure to include writing justifications as you go through this topic. See Learning Objective FUN-A.4 “Justify conclusions about the behavior of a function based on the behavior of its derivatives,” and likewise in FUN-1.C for the Extreme value theorem, and FUN-4.E for implicitly defined functions. 93) and for most of the individual topics. Reasoning and writing justification of results are mentioned and stressed in the introduction to the topic (p. These topics account for about 15 – 18% of questions on the AB exam and 8 – 11% of the BC questions. Reasoning and justification of results are also important themes in this unit. Unit 5 covers the application of derivatives to the analysis of functions and graphs.
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